Kufr and takfir from the perspective of the Qur'an, hadiths and Islamic jurists

Takfir is one of the Islamic concepts which unfortunately has been subject to misunderstandings and abuses by many individuals and sects and has imposed many intellectual and political problems on Muslims both in the past and in the present era. Part of these misunderstandings is the result of not considering the criteria of disbelief and the degrees of disbelief, and the other part is the profit-seeking exploitation of the concept of disbelief. What is blasphemy and blasphemy, its levels, degrees, types, and the criteria of blasphemy and blasphemy are the most important questions that require research in this matter. The purpose of this research is to understand the exact meaning of blasphemy and excommunication and their applications, which can be a way to resolve misunderstandings and prevent the misuse of these concepts. In this article, the meaning and applications of blasphemy and takfir, the criteria of blasphemy based on verses, narrations, as well as the views of jurists and types of takfir, have been investigated using analytical and descriptive methods. The findings of the research show that takfir in this form, which has become customary, has unfortunate consequences in today's world, while it does not have any strong intellectual and religious support.